Summary
Here it is, the complete, must-have reference book for anyone who needs the details on TCP/IP and Windows 2000. IT professionals get the in-depth technical information they need to support TCP/IP on Windows 2000 with the MICROSOFT WINDOWS 2000 TCP/IP PROTOCOLS AND SERVICES TECHNICAL REFERENCE. It's the must-have reference for anyone who works with TCP/IP on a Windows 2000 platform. Key book benefits: Demystifies TCP/IP protocols and services by exploring them layer by layer in the OSI model in greater depth than most other books Weaves theory with facts to present a solid picture of TCP/IP protocols and services for a broad variety of network administrators. |
Table of Contents
Contents
Tables xv
Preface xix
Acknowledgments xxi
Introduction xxiii
PART I The Network Interface Layer
1 Local Area Network (LAN) Technologies 3
LAN Encapsulations 3
Ethernet 4
Ethernet II 4
IEEE 802.3 9
IEEE 802.3 SNAP 11
Special Bits on Ethernet MAC Addresses 14
Token Ring 15
IEEE 802.5 16
IEEE 802.5 SNAP 19
Special Bits on Token Ring MAC Addresses 21
FDDI 23
FDDI Frame Format 23
FDDI SNAP 26
Special Bits on FDDI MAC Addresses 28
Summary 28
2 Wide Area Network (WAN) Technologies 29
WAN Encapsulations 29
Point-to-Point Encapsulation 30
SLIP 30
PPP 32
PPP Multilink Protocol 36
X.25 39
X.25 Encapsulation 40
Frame Relay 42
Frame Relay Encapsulation 44
ATM 46
The ATM Cell 47
ATM Architecture 49
AAL5 51
Multiprotocol Encapsulation with AAL5 54
Summary 55
3 Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) 57
Overview of ARP 57
The ARP Cache 58
Updating the MAC Address 60
Windows 2000 ARP Registry Settings 60
ARP Frame Structure 62
ARP Request and ARP Reply Example 64
Gratuitous ARP and Duplicate IP Address Detection 67
IP Address Conflict Detection 67
The Gratuitous ARP and Address Conflict Exchange 68
Inverse ARP (InARP) 69
Proxy ARP 70
Summary 72
PART II Internet Layer Protocols
4 Internet Protocol (IP) Basics 75
Introduction to IP 75
IP Services 75
IP MTU 77
The IP Datagram 78
The IP Header 78
Version 78
Header Length 79
Type Of Service 80
Total Length 83
Identification 83
Flags 83
Fragment Offset 83
Time To Live 83
Protocol 85
Header Checksum 86
Source Address 86
Destination Address 86
Options and Padding 86
Fragmentation 87
Fragmentation Fields 87
Fragmentation Example 89
Reassembly Example 91
Fragmenting a Fragment 93
Avoiding Fragmentation 93
IP Options 96
End Of Option List 97
No Operation 98
Record Route 98
Strict and Loose Source Routing 100
IP Router Alert 103
Internet Timestamp 104
Summary 106
5 Internet Protocol (IP) Addressing 107
Types of IP Addresses 107
Expressing IP Addresses 107
Converting from Binary to Decimal 108
Converting from Decimal to Binary 109
IP Addresses in the IP Header 109
Unicast IP Addresses 109
A History Lesson: IP Address Classes 110
Rules for Enumerating Network IDs 112
Rules for Enumerating Host IDs 112
Subnets and the Subnet Mask 113
How to Subnet 117
Variable-Length Subnetting 125
Supernetting and Classless Inter-Domain
Routing (CIDR) 128
Public and Private Addresses 131
Microsoft Windows 2000 Automatic
Private IP Addressing 134
IP Broadcast Addresses 134
Network Broadcast 134
Subnet Broadcast 135
All-Subnets-Directed Broadcast 135
Limited Broadcast 135
IP Multicast Addresses 136
Mapping IP Multicast Addresses to MAC Addresses 137
Summary 138
6 Internet Protocol (IP) Routing 139
Introduction to IP Routing 139
Direct and Indirect Deliveries 139
Types of Links 140
Broadcast 140
Point-to-Point 141
Non-Broadcast Multiple Access 142
The IP Routing Table 143
Structure 143
Types of Routes 144
Route Determination Process 145
The Microsoft Windows 2000 IP Routing Table 146
Multihomed Nodes 148
Maintaining the Microsoft Windows 2000
IP Routing Table 148
IP Routing from Sending Host to Destination 151
Sending Host Forwarding Process 151
IP Router Forwarding Process 151
Destination Host Receiving Process 152
IP Routing Infrastructure Overview 153
Single-Path vs. Multi-Path 154
Class-Based vs. Classless 155
Flat vs. Hierarchical 156
Static vs. Dynamic 157
Single vs. Multiple Autonomous Systems 161
Routing Utilities 161
Summary 162
7 Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) 163
ICMP Message Structure 164
ICMP Messages 165
ICMP Echo/Echo Reply 165
ICMP Destination Unreachable 167
Path MTU Discovery 171
Windows 2000 Registry Settings for PMTU 174
ICMP Source Quench 174
ICMP Redirect 176
ICMP Router Discovery 178
ICMP Time Exceeded 181
ICMP Parameter Problem 182
PING Utility 184
PING Options 184
TRACERT Utility 186
TRACERT Options 189
PATHPING Utility 189
PATHPING Options 190
Summary 190
8 Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) 191
Introduction to IP Multicast and IGMP 191
IP Multicasting Overview 191
Host Support 192
Router Support 194
The Multicast-Enabled IP Internetwork 195
IGMP Message Structure 196
IGMP Version 1 (IGMPv1) 197
IGMP Version 2 (IGMPv2) 200
Microsoft Windows 2000 and IGMP 204
TCP/IP Protocol 204
The Routing and Remote Access Service 204
Summary 207
9 Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) 209
Chapter Contents 210
Introduction to IPv6 211
Nodes, Routers, Hosts, and Interfaces 211
Links, Neighbors, Link MTUs,
and Link Layer Addresses 212
Unicast, Multicast, and Anycast Addresses 212
Addressing 212
Text Representation of IPv6 Addresses 212
Unicast Addresses 213
Anycast Addresses 216
Multicast Addresses 216
Neighbor Discovery 217
IPv6 Header Format and Routing Mechanisms 219
Hop-by-Hop Options Header 221
Destination Options Header 221
Routing Header 222
Fragment Header 222
Authentication Header 223
Transition Mechanisms 224
Dual-Stack Implementation 224
IPv6 Over IPv4 Tunneling 224
Summary 224
PART III Transport Layer Protocols
10 User Datagram Protocol (UDP) 227
Introduction to User Datagram Protocol 227
Uses for UDP 228
The UDP Message 228
The UDP Header 229
The UDP Pseudo Header 230
UDP Ports 231
MaxUserPort 232
Summary 234
11 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) Basics 235
Introduction to TCP 235
The TCP Segment 236
The TCP Header 237
TCP Ports 239
MaxUserPort 240
TCP Flags 242
The TCP Pseudo Header 243
TCP Urgent Data 244
TCP Options 246
End Of Option List and No Operation 246
Maximum Segment Size Option 247
TCP Window Scale Option 249
Selective Acknowledgment Option 251
TCP Timestamps Option 255
Summary 258
12 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) Connections 259
The TCP Connection 259
TCP Connection Establishment 260
Segment 1: The Synchronize (SYN) Segment 260
Segment 2: The SYN-ACK Segment 262
Segment 3: The ACK Segment 263
Result of TCP Connection Establishment Process 265
TCP Half-Open Connections 266
TCP Connection Maintenance 269
KeepAliveTime 270
KeepAliveInterval 270
TCP Connection Termination 270
Segment 1 271
Segment 2 272
Segment 3 273
Segment 4 274
TCP Connection Reset 275
TCP Connection States 277
Controlling TCP Connection Terminations
in Microsoft Windows 2000 279
Summary 280
13 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) Data Flow 281
Basic TCP Data Flow Behavior 281
TCP Acknowledgments 281
Delayed Acknowledgments 282
Cumulative for Contiguous Data 282
Selective for Non-Contiguous Data 283
TCP Sliding Windows 284
Send Window 284
Receive Window 288
Microsoft Windows 2000 Maximum
Receive Window Size 290
Small Segments 293
The Nagle Algorithm 293
Silly Window Syndrome 294
Sender-Side Flow Control 295
Slow Start Algorithm 296
Congestion Avoidance Algorithm 298
Summary 300
14 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
Retransmission and Time-Out 301
Retransmission Time-Out and Round-Trip Time 301
Congestion Collapse 302
Retransmission Behavior 303
TcpMaxDataRetransmissions 304
Retransmission Behavior for New Connections 305
Dead Gateway Detection 306
Using the Selective Acknowledgment (SACK)
TCP Option 307
Calculating the RTO 308
TcpInitialRTT 309
Using the TCP Timestamps Option 309
Karn's Algorithm 313
Karn's Algorithm and the Timestamps Option 315
Fast Retransmit 315
TcpMaxDupAcks 316
Fast Recovery 317
Summary 317
PART IV Application Layer Protocols and Services
15 Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) Service 321
Chapter Contents 322
Overview to DHCP in Windows 2000 322
What Is DHCP? 322
DHCP Overview and Key Terms 322
How DHCP Works 328
DHCP Messages 332
General Message Format 332
DHCPDISCOVER 334
DHCPOFFER 336
DHCPREQUEST 338
DHCPACK 340
DHCPDECLINE 341
DHCPNAK 343
DHCPRELEASE 345
DHCPINFORM 346
DHCP Options 347
What Are DHCP Options? 347
Options Supported by Windows 2000 348
Summary 350
16 Domain Name Service (DNS) 351
Chapter Contents 352
Overview to DNS in Microsoft Windows 2000 352
What Is DNS? 352
Key DNS Terms 353
How DNS Works 367
Configuring DNS Client Functions 367
Resolving Names 368
Resolving Aliases 369
Dynamically Updating DNS 370
Transferring Zone Information 372
DNS Resource Records 373
What Are Resource Records? 373
Resource Records Supported by Windows 2000 375
DNS Messages 377
DNS Messages 377
Name-Query Message 382
Name-Query Response Message 383
Reverse-Name Query Message 383
Name Update Message 383
Name Update Response Message 384
Summary 384
17 Windows Internet Name Service (WINS) 385
Chapter Contents 386
Overview of WINS in Windows 2000 387
What Is WINS? 387
Key WINS Terms 387
How WINS Works 398
Registering NetBIOS Names 398
Resolving NetBIOS Name Registration Conflicts 400
Releasing NetBIOS Names 401
Resolving NetBIOS Names 401
Refreshing NetBIOS Names 403
Determining Adapter Status 403
NetBIOS Name Service Messages 404
Name Service Header 405
NetBIOS Name Representation 408
Question Entries 409
Resource Records (RRs) 410
Resource Record Name Compression 412
Name Registration Message 413
Positive Name Registration Response 414
Negative Name Registration Response 414
Name Refresh Message 416
Name Release Request Message 416
Name Release Response Message 417
Name Query Request Message 418
Positive Name Query Response Message 419
Negative Name Response Message 419
Wait Acknowledgment Message 420
Summary 421
18 File and Printer Sharing 423
Overview 423
Chapter Contents 423
Introduction to Internet Printing 423
IPP Operation 424
IPP Specifications 426
Introduction to CIFS 434
CIFS Operation 434
Summary 439
19 Internet Information Server (IIS) and the Internet Protocols 441
Chapter Contents 441
HTTP 441
Introduction and Terminology 441
HTTP Operation 443
URIs 443
HTTP Messages 444
Request Messages 445
Response Messages 446
HTTP Codings 458
HTTP Content Negotiation 459
HTTP Caching 460
FTP 461
Introduction and Terminology 461
FTP Operation 462
FTP Data 464
Connections and Transmission Modes 465
FTP Commands and Responses 467
SMTP 468
Introduction and Terminology 468
SMTP Operation 469
SMTP Commands 471
SMTP Replies 474
Summary 475
20 Securing IP Communications with IP Security (IPSec) 477
Chapter Contents 478
IPSec Overview 478
How IPSec Works 483
Authentication Header (AH) Details 485
Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP) Details 487
Summary 490
21 Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) 491
Chapter Contents 491
Overview of Virtual Private Networks 492
What Is a VPN? 492
VPN Clients and Servers 493
VPN Protocols 493
Tunneling 494
VPN Authentication 497
Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP) 498
VPN Address Assignment 498
VPN Data Compression 499
VPN Data Encryption 499
Introduction to Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP) 499
Installation of PPTP 500
PPTP Encapsulation 500
PPTP Encryption 501
Introduction to Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol (L2TP) 501
Installation of L2TP 501
L2TP Encapsulation 502
L2TP Encryption 503
Summary 503
Glossary 505
Bibliography 511
Index 515
Tables
2 2-1. Defined Values for the Frame Relay DLCI 45
3 3-1. ARP Hardware Type Values 63
3-2. ARP Operation Values 63
4 4-1. IP MTUs for Common Network Interface Layer
Technologies 77
4-2. Values of the IP Precedence Field 81
4-3. Values of the IP Protocol Field 85
4-4. Original IP Datagram 90
4-5. Fragments of the Original IP Datagram 91
4-6. Option Classes 97
4-7. Option Classes and Numbers 97
5 5-1. Address Class Ranges of Network IDs 112
5-2. Address Class Ranges of Host IDs 112
5-3. Dotted Decimal Notation for Default Subnet Masks 115
5-4. Network Prefix Notation for Default Subnet Masks 115
5-5. Subnetting of a Class A Network ID 119
5-6. Subnetting of a Class B Network ID 120
5-7. Subnetting of a Class C Network ID 120
5-8. 3-Bit Subnetting of 131.107.0.0 (Binary) 121
5-9. Enumeration of IP Addresses for the 3-Bit Subnetting
of 131.107.0.0 (Binary) 122
5-10. 3-Bit Subnetting of 131.107.0.0 (Decimal) 123
5-11. Enumeration of IP Addresses for the 3-Bit Subnetting
of 131.107.0.0 (Decimal) 124
5-12. The Eight Subnets for the 3-Bit Subnetting
of 131.107.0.0/16 126
5-13. A Block of Eight Class C Network IDs Starting
with 223.1.184.0 129
5-14. The Aggregated Block of Class C Network IDs 129
5-15. Supernetting and Class C Addresses 130
5-16. Reserved Local Subnet IP Multicast Addresses 136
7 7-1. Common ICMP Types 165
7-2. Code Values for ICMP Destination Unreachable Messages 168
7-3. Plateau Values for PMTU 173
7-4. Values of the Code Field in an ICMP Redirect 178
7-5. ICMP Parameter Problem Code Values 183
7-6. PING Utility Options 184
7-7. TRACERT Utility Options 189
7-8. PATHPING Utility Options 190
8 8-1. Recommended Values of the TTL
for IP Multicast Traffic 193
8-2. Addresses Used in IGMPv1 Messages 198
8-3. Values of the IGMPv2 Type Field 202
8-4. Addresses Used in IGMPv2 Messages 202
9 9-1. Aggregatable Global Unicast Address Fields 215
9-2. Multicast Address Fields 217
9-3. Ipv6 Header Fields 220
10 10-1. Well-Known UDP Port Numbers 232
11 11-1. Well-Known TCP Port Numbers 240
12 12-1. TCP Connection States 277
15 15-1. DHCP Message Fields and Descriptions 333
15-2. DHCP Options Appearing in All DHCP Messages 348
15-3. Options for Which Clients Can Request
and Receive Values 349
15-4. Options that Can Be Returned to a Client Running
Windows 2000 350
16 16-1. 3-Character Top-Level Domains in Use in the Internet 354
16-2. Key Resource Records as Used by a Windows 2000
Network 355
17 17-1. Common NetBIOS Suffixes Used
with Windows Networking 388
17-2. Name Service Operation Codes and Meanings 407
17-3. Converting an Original 16-Byte NetBIOS Name
into a 32-Byte String 408
17-4. Values for the Return Code Field 415
17-5. Explanation of Return Code Value and Error 418
18 18-1. IPP Operations 428
18-2. IPP Operation Attributes 429
18-3. IPP Job-Template Attributes 430
18-4. IPP Job-Description Attributes 431
18-5. IPP Printer-Description Attributes 432
18-6. Components of a CIFS Server NEGOTIATE Response 435
18-7. Bit Definitions of Server Capabilities 435
19 19-1. Common HTTP/1.1 Method Codes 445
19-2. HTTP/1.1 Status Code Classes and Meanings 447
19-3. HTTP/1.1 Status Codes 447
19-4. Request Header Fields 451
19-5. Response Header Fields 454
19-6. Entity Header Fields 455
19-7. General Header Fields 457
19-8. FTP Response Codes-First Digit 468
19-9. FTP Response Codes-Second Digit 468
19-10. Common SMTP Commands, Descriptions, and Syntax 472
19-11. SMTP Response Codes-First Digit 474
19-12. SMTP Response Codes-Second Digit 475
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